Combining GHOST and Casper

Vitalik Buterin, Diego Hernandez, Thor Kamphefner, Khiem Pham, Zhi Qiao +4 more
3/6/2020
cs.CR

Official code: ethereum/consensus-specs (3,971 stars, CC0-1.0, last commit 2026-10-20).

Abstract

We present "Gasper," a proof-of-stake-based consensus protocol, which is an idealized version of the proposed Ethereum 2.0 beacon chain. The protocol combines Casper FFG, a finality tool, with LMD GHOST, a fork-choice rule. We prove safety, plausible liveness, and probabilistic liveness under different sets of assumptions.

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Ethereum Consensus Specifications

3,9711,323Python, MakefileSep 20, 20184 days agoCC0-1.0

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Cite this paper

@article{buterin2020combining,
  title  = {Combining GHOST and Casper},
  author = {Vitalik Buterin and Diego Hernandez and Thor Kamphefner and Khiem Pham and Zhi Qiao and Danny Ryan and Juhyeok Sin and Ying Wang and Yan X Zhang},
  year   = {2020},
  eprint = {2003.03052},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url    = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.03052}
}

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