GEMS: Scene Expansion using Generative Models of Graphs

Abstract

Applications based on image retrieval require editing and associating in intermediate spaces that are representative of the high-level concepts like objects and their relationships rather than dense, pixel-level representations like RGB images or semantic-label maps. We focus on one such representation, scene graphs, and propose a novel scene expansion task where we enrich an input seed graph by adding new nodes (objects) and the corresponding relationships. To this end, we formulate scene graph expansion as a sequential prediction task involving multiple steps of first predicting a new node and then predicting the set of relationships between the newly predicted node and previous nodes in the graph. We propose a sequencing strategy for observed graphs that retains the clustering patterns amongst nodes. In addition, we leverage external knowledge to train our graph generation model, enabling greater generalization of node predictions. Due to the inefficiency of existing maximum mean discrepancy (MMD) based metrics for graph generation problems in evaluating predicted relationships between nodes (objects), we design novel metrics that comprehensively evaluate different aspects of predicted relations. We conduct extensive experiments on Visual Genome and VRD datasets to evaluate the expanded scene graphs using the standard MMD-based metrics and our proposed metrics. We observe that the graphs generated by our method, GEMS, better represent the real distribution of the scene graphs than the baseline methods like GraphRNN.