CAT: Content-Adaptive Image Tokenization

Junhong Shen, Kushal Tirumala, Michihiro Yasunaga, Ishan Misra, Luke Zettlemoyer +2 more
1/6/2025
cs.CV

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Abstract

Most existing image tokenizers encode images into a fixed number of tokens or patches, overlooking the inherent variability in image complexity. To address this, we introduce Content-Adaptive Tokenizer (CAT), which dynamically adjusts representation capacity based on the image content and encodes simpler images into fewer tokens. We design a caption-based evaluation system that leverages large language models (LLMs) to predict content complexity and determine the optimal compression ratio for a given image, taking into account factors critical to human perception. Trained on images with diverse compression ratios, CAT demonstrates robust performance in image reconstruction. We also utilize its variable-length latent representations to train Diffusion Transformers (DiTs) for ImageNet generation. By optimizing token allocation, CAT improves the FID score over fixed-ratio baselines trained with the same flops and boosts the inference throughput by 18.5%.

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Cite this paper

@article{shen2025cat,
  title  = {CAT: Content-Adaptive Image Tokenization},
  author = {Junhong Shen and Kushal Tirumala and Michihiro Yasunaga and Ishan Misra and Luke Zettlemoyer and Lili Yu and Chunting Zhou},
  year   = {2025},
  eprint = {2501.03120},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url    = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2501.03120v1}
}

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