A Survey of Theory of Mind in Large Language Models: Evaluations, Representations, and Safety Risks

Hieu Minh "Jord" Nguyen
2/10/2025
cs.CLcs.AI

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Abstract

Theory of Mind (ToM), the ability to attribute mental states to others and predict their behaviour, is fundamental to social intelligence. In this paper, we survey studies evaluating behavioural and representational ToM in Large Language Models (LLMs), identify important safety risks from advanced LLM ToM capabilities, and suggest several research directions for effective evaluation and mitigation of these risks.

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Cite this paper

@article{nguyen2025survey,
  title  = {A Survey of Theory of Mind in Large Language Models: Evaluations, Representations, and Safety Risks},
  author = {Hieu Minh "Jord" Nguyen},
  year   = {2025},
  eprint = {2502.06470},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url    = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2502.06470v1}
}

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