One Task Vector is not Enough: A Large-Scale Study for In-Context Learning

Pavel Tikhonov, Ivan Oseledets, Elena Tutubalina
5/29/2025
cs.CL

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Abstract

In-context learning (ICL) enables Large Language Models (LLMs) to adapt to new tasks using few examples, with task vectors - specific hidden state activations - hypothesized to encode task information. Existing studies are limited by small-scale benchmarks, restricting comprehensive analysis. We introduce QuiteAFew, a novel dataset of 3,096 diverse few-shot tasks, each with 30 input-output pairs derived from the Alpaca dataset. Experiments with Llama-3-8B on QuiteAFew reveal: (1) task vector performance peaks at an intermediate layer (e.g., 15th), (2) effectiveness varies significantly by task type, and (3) complex tasks rely on multiple, subtask-specific vectors rather than a single vector, suggesting distributed task knowledge representation.

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@article{tikhonov2025task,
  title  = {One Task Vector is not Enough: A Large-Scale Study for In-Context Learning},
  author = {Pavel Tikhonov and Ivan Oseledets and Elena Tutubalina},
  year   = {2025},
  eprint = {2505.23911},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url    = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2505.23911v1}
}

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