Counterfactual Reciprocal Recommender Systems for User-to-User Matching

Kazuki Kawamura, Takuma Udagawa, Kei Tateno
8/3/2025
cs.IRcs.AI

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Abstract

Reciprocal recommender systems (RRS) in dating, gaming, and talent platforms require mutual acceptance for a match. Logged data, however, over-represents popular profiles due to past exposure policies, creating feedback loops that skew learning and fairness. We introduce Counterfactual Reciprocal Recommender Systems (CFRR), a causal framework to mitigate this bias. CFRR uses inverse propensity scored, self-normalized objectives. Experiments show CFRR improves NDCG@10 by up to 3.5% (e.g., from 0.459 to 0.475 on DBLP, from 0.299 to 0.307 on Synthetic), increases long-tail user coverage by up to 51% (from 0.504 to 0.763 on Synthetic), and reduces Gini exposure inequality by up to 24% (from 0.708 to 0.535 on Synthetic). CFRR offers a promising approach for more accurate and fair user-to-user matching.

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Cite this paper

@article{kawamura2025counterfactual,
  title  = {Counterfactual Reciprocal Recommender Systems for User-to-User Matching},
  author = {Kazuki Kawamura and Takuma Udagawa and Kei Tateno},
  year   = {2025},
  eprint = {2508.01867},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url    = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2508.01867v1}
}

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