SMART-3D: Three-Dimensional Self-Morphing Adaptive Replanning Tree

Priyanshu Agrawal, Shalabh Gupta, Zongyuan Shen
9/20/2025
cs.ROcs.AIeess.SY

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Abstract

This paper presents SMART-3D, an extension of the SMART algorithm to 3D environments. SMART-3D is a tree-based adaptive replanning algorithm for dynamic environments with fast moving obstacles. SMART-3D morphs the underlying tree to find a new path in real-time whenever the current path is blocked by obstacles. SMART-3D removed the grid decomposition requirement of the SMART algorithm by replacing the concept of hot-spots with that of hot-nodes, thus making it computationally efficient and scalable to 3D environments. The hot-nodes are nodes which allow for efficient reconnections to morph the existing tree to find a new safe and reliable path. The performance of SMART-3D is evaluated by extensive simulations in 2D and 3D environments populated with randomly moving dynamic obstacles. The results show that SMART-3D achieves high success rates and low replanning times, thus highlighting its suitability for real-time onboard applications.

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@article{agrawal2025smartd,
  title  = {SMART-3D: Three-Dimensional Self-Morphing Adaptive Replanning Tree},
  author = {Priyanshu Agrawal and Shalabh Gupta and Zongyuan Shen},
  year   = {2025},
  eprint = {2509.16812},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url    = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2509.16812v1}
}

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