Large Language Models as Search Engines: Societal Challenges

Zacchary Sadeddine, Winston Maxwell, Gaël Varoquaux, Fabian M. Suchanek
11/24/2025
cs.CYcs.CL

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Abstract

Large Language Models (LLMs) may one day replace search engines as the primary portal to information on the Web. In this article, we investigate the societal challenges that such a change could bring. We focus on the roles of LLM Providers, Content Creators, and End Users, and identify 15 types of challenges. With each, we show current mitigation strategies -- both from the technical perspective and the legal perspective. We also discuss the impact of each challenge and point out future research opportunities.

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Cite this paper

@article{sadeddine2025large,
  title  = {Large Language Models as Search Engines: Societal Challenges},
  author = {Zacchary Sadeddine and Winston Maxwell and Gaël Varoquaux and Fabian M. Suchanek},
  year   = {2025},
  eprint = {2512.08946},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url    = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2512.08946v1}
}

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