Measuring Uncertainty Calibration

Kamil Ciosek, Nicolò Felicioni, Sina Ghiassian, Juan Elenter Litwin, Francesco Tonolini +4 more
12/15/2025
cs.LG

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Abstract

We make two contributions to the problem of estimating the $L_1$ calibration error of a binary classifier from a finite dataset. First, we provide an upper bound for any classifier where the calibration function has bounded variation. Second, we provide a method of modifying any classifier so that its calibration error can be upper bounded efficiently without significantly impacting classifier performance and without any restrictive assumptions. All our results are non-asymptotic and distribution-free. We conclude by providing advice on how to measure calibration error in practice. Our methods yield practical procedures that can be run on real-world datasets with modest overhead.

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Cite this paper

@article{ciosek2025measuring,
  title  = {Measuring Uncertainty Calibration},
  author = {Kamil Ciosek and Nicolò Felicioni and Sina Ghiassian and Juan Elenter Litwin and Francesco Tonolini and David Gustafsson and Eva Garcia-Martin and Carmen Barcena Gonzalez and Raphaëlle Bertrand-Lalo},
  year   = {2025},
  eprint = {2512.13872},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url    = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2512.13872v2}
}

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