OracleTSC: Oracle-Informed Reward Hurdle and Uncertainty Regularization for Traffic Signal Control

Abstract

Transparent decision-making is essential for traffic signal control (TSC) systems to earn public trust. However, traditional reinforcement learning-based TSC methods function as black boxes with limited interpretability. Although large language models (LLMs) can provide natural language reasoning, reinforcement finetuning for TSC remains unstable because feedback is sparse and delayed, while most actions produce only marginal changes in congestion metrics. We introduce OracleTSC, which stabilizes LLM-based TSC through two mechanisms: (1) a reward hurdle mechanism that filters weak learning signals by subtracting a calibrated threshold from environmental rewards, and (2) uncertainty regularization that maximizes the probability of the selected response to encourage consistent decisions across sampled outputs. Experiments on the LibSignal benchmark show that OracleTSC enables a compact LLaMA3-8B model to substantially improve traffic efficiency, achieving a 75% reduction in travel time and a 67% decrease in queue length compared with the pretrained baseline while preserving interpretability through natural language explanations. OracleTSC also demonstrates strong cross-intersection generalization: a policy trained on one intersection transfers to a structurally different intersection with 17% lower travel time and 39% lower queue length without additional finetuning. These results suggest that uncertainty-aware reward shaping can improve the stability and effectiveness of reinforcement fine-tuning for TSC.