RefDiffNet: Learning to Expose Subtle PCB Defects Before Detection

Abstract

Printed circuit board (PCB) defect detection is challenging because many defects are small and difficult to distinguish from complex background patterns. Most deep learning-based PCB inspection methods rely only on the inspected PCB image for defect detection, ignoring the defect-free reference image that encodes the expected layout of traces, pads, and other PCB structures. In this work, we propose RefDiffNet, a lightweight plug-and-play input enhancement block placed before the detector backbone to enhance the image before defect detection. RefDiffNet brings one proven idea from classical inspection into the deep learning era, using a defect-free reference image to reveal defects. RefDiffNet compares the defective image with the aligned reference, captures structural changes relative to the reference, and uses a lightweight encoder to output the original image with defective regions highlighted, thereby making the downstream detector's task easier. Results on HRIPCB and DeepPCB show that RefDiffNet consistently improves performance across detector families, including one-stage detectors from YOLOv8 to YOLOv26, the transformer-based RT-DETR, and the two-stage Faster R-CNN. It achieves up to 18% relative mAP50:95 gain with negligible overhead, introducing only 0.004 - 0.005M additional parameters and 0.7 - 0.8 GFLOPs, amounting to at most 0.25% of the parameter count of any evaluated detector. Results establish RefDiffNet as a lightweight, plug-and-play, detector-agnostic input enhancement module that substantially improves PCB defect detection with minimal computational cost.