P3B3: A Multi-Turn Conversational Benchmark for Measuring European and Brazilian Portuguese Variety Bias in LLMs

Rafael Ferreira, Inês Vieira, Inês Calvo, James Furtado, Iago Paulo +4 more
6/15/2026
cs.CLcs.AIcs.LG

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Abstract

As Large Language Models (LLMs) become embedded in everyday communication, capturing regional linguistic variation is essential for reliable and equitable language use. In Portuguese, European (pt-PT) and Brazilian (pt-BR) varieties remain unevenly represented, with pt-BR dominating in data quantity, while LLM preference for Portuguese variants remains underexplored. To address this gap, we introduce P3B3, an expert-curated language variety agnostic benchmark of conversational prompts, along with an evaluation framework for measuring variety bias and controllability. Experiments on several models show that most LLMs exhibit a strong bias toward pt-BR, with variation in controllability across models. These results highlight the need for more balanced multilingual representation across language varieties.

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@article{ferreira2026pb,
  title  = {P3B3: A Multi-Turn Conversational Benchmark for Measuring European and Brazilian Portuguese Variety Bias in LLMs},
  author = {Rafael Ferreira and Inês Vieira and Inês Calvo and James Furtado and Iago Paulo and Diogo Tavares and Diogo Glória-Silva and David Semedo and João Magalhães},
  year   = {2026},
  eprint = {2606.16753},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url    = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2606.16753v1}
}

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