Where Reliability Lives: Experimental Localisation of Behavioural Properties in an Agent System

Abstract

Reliability claims about agentic systems implicitly locate each property somewhere: in the model, or in the machinery around it. We built a system where that location is an experimental question. The subject is a persistent simulated settlement whose authoritative append-only ledger adjudicates every attempted act against world state; accepted history is the only reality. Mind, institution and world were separated before any experiment. Holding cognition fixed, we intervened on the institution's epistemic mechanisms (evidence provenance, belief availability, physical-evidence legibility); preregistered experiments refuted our central prediction twice, in opposite directions. A registered falsifier then supplied the input the geometry had denied the belief channel, a staged veridical first-hand witness, and its marginal value, non-positive throughout the witness-free phases, turned positive: 9 of 11 seeds, zero added false attribution. Holding institutional enforcement fixed, we intervened on cognition four ways: ablating the native minds' machinery, killing and resetting them mid-task, substituting a frozen frontier-LLM panel for the entire native cognition, and corrupting beliefs with trusted false testimony. Behaviour changed dramatically: one falsehood cost each trusting run about 900 futile actions and the distrusting arm none. Five pre-declared properties did not move in any tested trajectory: accepted reality stayed singular, invalid attempts were refused with typed reasons, duties outlived their processes, no work was accepted twice, and no false completion was ever accepted (2,581 substituted-panel claims, none false). Our claim is limited to this setting: measured behavioural properties were separable from substantial changes to cognition, established by intervention. One designed world, not a population of institutions; no test of an agent optimising against the institution.