KC-Bench: A Dynamic Interactive Benchmark for Evaluating Knowledge Conflicts in LLM Agents

Yaxing Lyu, Shengjie Zhou, Binbin Toh, Pengyu Zhu, Lijun Li
9/3/2026
cs.AI

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Abstract

As LLMs increasingly act through tools, they must reconcile user instructions, parametric knowledge, and dynamic environmental observations before taking actions. We introduce KC-Bench, a controlled multi-turn benchmark for measuring this capability across world-knowledge conflicts, input inconsistencies, and multi-source temporal conflicts. Its 238 tasks are manually screened from more than 1,000 generated candidates and combine a user simulator, stateful tools, deterministic environment assertions, an open-source natural-language evaluator, and human trajectory verification. Evaluation of nine models, including DeepSeek-V4-Flash, GLM-5.2, and MiniMax-M3, shows substantial cross-domain variation: no model handles factual correction, identity consistency checking, and temporal conflict resolution reliably across all settings. In the simulated environments, missed conflicts can propagate to tool calls or synthetic protected-data flows. KC-Bench isolates this model-level behavior rather than ranking complete agent frameworks, and provides a reproducible diagnostic for developing conflict-aware reasoning and execution safeguards.

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@article{lyu2026kcbench,
  title  = {KC-Bench: A Dynamic Interactive Benchmark for Evaluating Knowledge Conflicts in LLM Agents},
  author = {Yaxing Lyu and Shengjie Zhou and Binbin Toh and Pengyu Zhu and Lijun Li},
  year   = {2026},
  eprint = {2609.03588},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url    = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.03588v1}
}

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