ProtoLIP: From Sentence-Level to Object-Level Evidence Disentanglement

Abstract

Query-conditioned vision--language models enable fine-grained interpretation by revealing how visual evidence changes with textual queries. However, evidence conditioned on complete descriptions does not necessarily resolve into object-specific evidence, nor does an exposed evidence map necessarily identify the evidence that constitutes the model's prediction. Across multiple VLM architectures and independent benchmarks, we find that object-level queries often retain evidence from co-occurring objects and shared context. In this paper, we introduce \textbf{ProtoLIP}, a lightweight prototype-mediated evidence layer that organizes reusable visual prototypes into text-derived semantic families and uses query-dependent family routing to constrain which prototypes may provide evidence. Without spatial annotations or backbone retraining, ProtoLIP improves evidence localization and separation across query granularities, with localization gains transferring to independently pretrained VLMs with well-aligned patch--text representations. Despite using only text-derived weak supervision, ProtoLIP remains competitive with a spatially supervised grounding model while maintaining strong matching and competitive image--text retrieval. Crucially, ProtoLIP constructs its matching score directly from localized prototype evidence, enabling the score to be exactly decomposed into semantic-family and prototype contributions.