Evaluating Hierarchy-Aware Deep Learning for the Recognition of Tironian Notes

Abstract

Tironian notes are generally regarded as the first Latin shorthand system and are notable for their large, fine-grained symbol inventory. Their high visual similarity and large class set make manual reading time-consuming, leaving manuscripts that contain Tironian notes inaccessible to many researchers. Automatic recognition is also challenging because models must distinguish subtle differences in stroke shape and sign structure while realistic training data remain scarce. However, standard flat classifiers do not explicitly use visual or structural relations between related signs. This paper investigates whether structural relationships between Tironian notes can support automatic recognition. We use the Supertextus Notarum Tironianarum (SNT) by Martin Hellmann, which provides idealized sign forms and a hierarchical organization of Tironian notes. We compare flat ResNet18, ConvNeXt, Shifted Window Transformer (Swin), and Vision Transformer (ViT) classifiers with Hierarchical Deep Convolutional Neural Network (HD-CNN)-style coarse-to-fine models and hierarchy-aware routing models based on visual class cleaning and similarity-based re-clustering. The models are evaluated on handwritten samples and manuscript-domain samples from Vergilius Turonensis, both with and without limited few-shot adaptation to the manuscript domain. The results show that the relative performance of flat and hierarchical models depends on adaptation. On Vergilius Turonensis, HD-CNN achieves the best non-adapted Top-1 result with 45.43%, while flat classification reaches the best Top-1 result after few-shot adaptation with 82.09%. Overall, the results indicate that hierarchical structure can support Tironian note recognition, especially under non-adapted conditions.