Regularized policy gradient with learned mixtures of Gaussians for games with continuous actions

Ondřej Kubíček, Viliam Lisý, Tuomas Sandholm
9/29/2026
cs.MAcs.GT

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Abstract

Most successes of superhuman game-playing algorithms are in games with discrete actions, yet in auctions, robotics, sports, or trading, actions are nearly continuous. Prior techniques either rely on expert-designed discretizations or are sample inefficient. We present a scalable policy-gradient algorithm for large sequential games with continuous or mixed discrete and continuous actions. It combines magnetic mirror descent with a mixture of Gaussians reparametrization, trained via self-play. We show that it approximates equilibrium in games where gradient descent fails. In sequential games, it outperforms neural fictitious self-play and matches or outperforms the final strategies of policy space response oracles with 3.5--5.5$\times$ fewer samples. In heads-up no-limit Texas hold'em, it performs on par with Slumbot.

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@article{kubek2026regularized,
  title  = {Regularized policy gradient with learned mixtures of Gaussians for games with continuous actions},
  author = {Ondřej Kubíček and Viliam Lisý and Tuomas Sandholm},
  year   = {2026},
  eprint = {2609.36787},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url    = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.36787v1}
}

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