Boundary-Free Contextual Biasing: Depth-Adaptive Gating and Reading-Space Matching for Unsegmented Languages

Abstract

Contextual biasing supplies an ASR system with a list of expected words at inference time, but existing methods rely on word boundaries that Japanese and Chinese do not provide. We present a boundary-free biasing decoder for frozen public CTC models, built on a character-level Aho-Corasick automaton, with no training and no second pass. Two evidence-based mechanisms replace the boundary: a depth-adaptive gate that sets how hard to push from match depth, and reading-space matching for when the audio is right but the characters are wrong. On Aishell-1 NE's hard R1 subset we reach 66.5% recall, above the trained CLAS baseline (64%), transferring to WenetSpeech and to a second architecture without retuning. We release the first open Japanese contextual-biasing benchmark, where biasing lifts rare-word recall by 25 points at precision above 97%, and still by 19 and 22 points against 1,000-word lists.