HankelKANet: Lightweight Path Loss Estimation via Physics-Inspired Hankel Convolution

Abstract

Accurate path loss (PL) estimation is essential for wireless network planning and optimization. This paper proposes HankelKANet, a lightweight physics-inspired network for PL estimation that structurally embeds electromagnetic propagation characteristics into the neural architecture. Built on a single residual UNet backbone, the proposed model integrates urban layout features with a convolutional Kolmogorov-Arnold network(KAN). Specifically, the convolutional kernels are parameterized by the radial amplitudes of the zeroth- and first-order Hankel functions. This formulation acts as a physics-inspired nonlinear distance encoding, enabling the network to capture dominant attenuation characteristics directly without requiring additional physics-based loss terms. Experimental results demonstrate that HankelKANet achieves state-of-the-art accuracy and efficiency on both the simulated RadioMapSeer dataset and the real-world Huawei RSRPSet. Compared with the leading baseline, PEFNet, it reduces the parameter count by 78% and lowers the RMSE by 16.96% on the simulated data, while further exhibiting robust cross-dataset transferability and high data efficiency during target-domain adaptation. To interpret these empirical gains, we mathematically establish a parameter-conditional spatial gradient bound. Using discrete Dirichlet energy (DDE) and Jacobian sensitivity heatmaps, we empirically verify that this physical encoding intrinsically constrains the network's spatial derivatives. This structural smoothness effectively eliminates non-physical spatial ripples, preventing overfitting to simulator artifacts and serving as the fundamental driver for robust real world generalization.