Watermarks in the Sand: Impossibility of Strong Watermarking for Language Models

Hanlin Zhang, Benjamin L. Edelman, Danilo Francati, Daniele Venturi, G. Ateniese +1 more
2/12/2026
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Cite this paper

@article{zhang2026watermarks,
  title  = {Watermarks in the Sand: Impossibility of Strong Watermarking for Language Models},
  author = {Hanlin Zhang and Benjamin L. Edelman and Danilo Francati and Daniele Venturi and G. Ateniese and Boaz Barak},
  year   = {2026},
  url    = {https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:ec1ae027c3727178a25b80c764d5813422cef01e},
  journal = {ICML 2024 2024}
}

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