System III: Learning with Domain Knowledge for Safety Constraints

Abstract

Reinforcement learning agents naturally learn from extensive exploration. Exploration is costly and can be unsafe in $\textit{safety-critical}$ domains. This paper proposes a novel framework for incorporating domain knowledge to help guide safe exploration and boost sample efficiency. Previous approaches impose constraints, such as regularisation parameters in neural networks, that rely on large sample sets and often are not suitable for safety-critical domains where agents should almost always avoid unsafe actions. In our approach, called $\textit{System III}$, which is inspired by psychologists' notions of the brain's $\textit{System I}$ and $\textit{System II}$, we represent domain expert knowledge of safety in form of first-order logic. We evaluate the satisfaction of these constraints via p-norms in state vector space. In our formulation, constraints are analogous to hazards, objects, and regions of state that have to be avoided during exploration. We evaluated the effectiveness of the proposed method on OpenAI's Gym and Safety-Gym environments. In all tasks, including classic Control and Safety Games, we show that our approach results in safer exploration and sample efficiency.