An Experimental Study on Exploring Strong Lightweight Vision Transformers via Masked Image Modeling Pre-Training

Abstract

Masked image modeling (MIM) pre-training for large-scale vision transformers (ViTs) has enabled promising downstream performance on top of the learned self-supervised ViT features. In this paper, we question if the \textit{extremely simple} lightweight ViTs' fine-tuning performance can also benefit from this pre-training paradigm, which is considerably less studied yet in contrast to the well-established lightweight architecture design methodology. We use an observation-analysis-solution flow for our study. We first systematically observe different behaviors among the evaluated pre-training methods with respect to the downstream fine-tuning data scales. Furthermore, we analyze the layer representation similarities and attention maps across the obtained models, which clearly show the inferior learning of MIM pre-training on higher layers, leading to unsatisfactory transfer performance on data-insufficient downstream tasks. This finding is naturally a guide to designing our distillation strategies during pre-training to solve the above deterioration problem. Extensive experiments have demonstrated the effectiveness of our approach. Our pre-training with distillation on pure lightweight ViTs with vanilla/hierarchical design ($5.7M$/$6.5M$) can achieve $79.4\%$/$78.9\%$ top-1 accuracy on ImageNet-1K. It also enables SOTA performance on the ADE20K segmentation task ($42.8\%$ mIoU) and LaSOT tracking task ($66.1\%$ AUC) in the lightweight regime. The latter even surpasses all the current SOTA lightweight CPU-realtime trackers.