What if I ask in \textit{alia lingua}? Measuring Functional Similarity Across Languages

Debangan Mishra, Arihant Rastogi, Agyeya Negi, Shashwat Goel, Ponnurangam Kumaraguru
9/4/2025
cs.CLcs.LG

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Abstract

How similar are model outputs across languages? In this work, we study this question using a recently proposed model similarity metric $κ_p$ applied to 20 languages and 47 subjects in GlobalMMLU. Our analysis reveals that a model's responses become increasingly consistent across languages as its size and capability grow. Interestingly, models exhibit greater cross-lingual consistency within themselves than agreement with other models prompted in the same language. These results highlight not only the value of $κ_p$ as a practical tool for evaluating multilingual reliability, but also its potential to guide the development of more consistent multilingual systems.

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@article{mishra2025what,
  title  = {What if I ask in \textit{alia lingua}? Measuring Functional Similarity Across Languages},
  author = {Debangan Mishra and Arihant Rastogi and Agyeya Negi and Shashwat Goel and Ponnurangam Kumaraguru},
  year   = {2025},
  eprint = {2509.04032},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url    = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2509.04032v2}
}

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